| Week 10 |
| Lecture Quiz 10 |
| Lecture Notes |
| Earthquakes |
| > What
is an earthquake (definition)? |
| > What
is elastic rebound theory? |
| > Where do earthquakes occur in the lithosphere? |
| > What is the difference between an earthquake's focus and
epicenter? |
| > Describe the characteristics of each of the types of seismic
waves (P, S, and surface). |
| > What is the difference between a seismometer (seismograph) and a seismogram? |
| > How can we locate earthquake epicenters? |
| > Be familiar with the Richter Magnitude scale, the Seismic Moment magnitude scale, and the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. |
| > What are the main factors that control the intensity of
an earthquake and how much damage it does? |
| > Be familiar with some of the main destructive effects of earthquakes, including ground shaking, surface rupture, liquefaction, fire, landslides and tsunami. |
| > What is tsunami drawback, run-up, and inundation? |
| Major Earthquake Events |
| > Be familiar with the three highest magnitude earthquake events reviewed in the lecture notes. |
| > Be familiar with the three deadliest earthquake events reviewed in the lecture notes. |
| > What areas of the U.S. experience or have recently experienced significant seismic activity? |
| > What U.S. state is the most seismically active? |
| > Be familiar with each of these areas (plate tectonic setting, earthquake hazards, and specific earthquake events). |
| > What two areas of Arizona see the most seismic activity? Why do these earthquakes occur? |
| Geo Article Quiz 10 |
| Geo Articles |
| Geist, E., Titov, V., and Synolakis, C. (2006, January). Tsunami: Wave of Change, Scientific American, 56-63. |
| > How many people died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? |
| > Where do 85 percent of the world’s tsunamis occur? |
| > What two variables do all tsunami-propagation models require? |
| > How did satellites observe the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? |
| > How high are tsumami waves in the open ocean? |
| > In what plate tectonic setting do most notable tsunami-generating earthquakes occur? |
| > What sea floor features appear to channel the tsunami wave energy farther than it might otherwise travel? |
| > Approximately how long did it take the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami waves to travel from Indonesia to North America? |
| > How high were the tsunami wave peaks when they arrived in Sumatra’s Aceh province? |
| Fischetti, M. (2004, October). Shock Absorbed, Scientific American, 102-103. |
| > What is "life safety"? |
| > What are viscous fluid dampers and how do they work? |
| > What are base isolators and how do they work? |
| > What are slide bearings and how do they work? |
| > What two other novel technologies are mentioned in the article? |
| Geo Video Quiz 10 |
| Geo Videos |
| Earthquakes (Earth Revealed #9) |
| > Be able to recognize the quote by historian Will Durant. |
| > Be familiar with the locations and death tolls of a few large, modern earthquake events. |
| > What is the principle source of stress that creates earthquakes? |
| > What are the differences between P-waves and S-waves? |
| > How is the distance to an earthquake epicenter calculated. |
| > Who was Charles Richter and what did he propose? |
| > How does energy increase for every unit of the Richter scale? |
| > What is the wave period? |
| > What is the natural period (regarding buildings)? |
| > How is surface movement amplified during an earthquake? |
| > What happened in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake? |
| > Describe the research being conducted in the Parkfield area of the San Andreas fault. |
| > What types of instruments are used to collect data along the San Andreas fault in the Parkfield area? |
| Tsunami (How the Earth Was Made #9) |
| > Be familiar with the scientific research of geologists Brian Atwater, Kerry Sieh, and Simon Day. |
| > What country has the longest written history of tsunami events? To what year do these records date? |
| > On average, how often is Japan is struck by a major tsunami event? |
| > What city claims to be the "tsunami capital of the world"? |
| > What large, earthquake-generated tsunami was the first to be tracked by the HAwaiian tsunami monitoring network? |
| > What is the Sunda megathrust? |
| > What is the Cascadia megathrust? |
| > How are large earthquakes and tsunami generated by megathrusts? |
| > What was the extent of horizontal fault rupture and vertical offset of the main fault in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake? |
| > What did Japanese samurai call the tsunami of 1700? Where did it likely originate? |
| > What is a "ghost forest"? |
| > Have tsunamis occurred in the Pacific Northwest in the past 5,000 years? Are tsunamis a likely ongoing threat? |
| > What geologic process produces the most tsunamis, by far? |
| > What is a "megatsunami" and how are they formed? |
| > What happened at Lituya Bay, Alaska in 1958? |
| > In terms of tsunami, what is significant about the Canary Islands? |
| > How will a tsunami be created from La Palma and what will be its estimated size and extent? |
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